Student Abstracts

Error message

Deprecated function: Return type of DateObject::__wakeup() should either be compatible with DateTime::__wakeup(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in include_once() (line 143 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Return type of DateObject::format($format, $force = false) should either be compatible with DateTime::format(string $format): string, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in include_once() (line 143 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Return type of DateObject::setTimezone($tz, $force = false) should either be compatible with DateTime::setTimezone(DateTimeZone $timezone): DateTime, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in include_once() (line 143 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $input declared before required parameter $form_state is implicitly treated as a required parameter in include_once() (line 1445 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/bootstrap.inc).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $data declared before required parameter $name is implicitly treated as a required parameter in require_once() (line 342 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/module.inc).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $data declared before required parameter $name is implicitly treated as a required parameter in require_once() (line 342 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/module.inc).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $file declared before required parameter $entity_type is implicitly treated as a required parameter in require_once() (line 342 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/module.inc).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $account declared before required parameter $entity_type is implicitly treated as a required parameter in require_once() (line 342 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/module.inc).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $entity declared before required parameter $entity_type is implicitly treated as a required parameter in require_once() (line 342 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/module.inc).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $account declared before required parameter $entity_type is implicitly treated as a required parameter in require_once() (line 342 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/module.inc).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $values declared before required parameter $entity_type is implicitly treated as a required parameter in require_once() (line 342 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/module.inc).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $view_mode declared before required parameter $entity_type is implicitly treated as a required parameter in require_once() (line 342 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/module.inc).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $langcode declared before required parameter $entity_type is implicitly treated as a required parameter in require_once() (line 342 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/module.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$table is deprecated in ctools_export_load_object() (line 473 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/ctools/includes/export.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$type is deprecated in ctools_export_load_object() (line 474 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/ctools/includes/export.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_type is deprecated in ctools_export_load_object() (line 475 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/ctools/includes/export.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in views_db_object->load_row() (line 2307 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_module is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_module is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$localization_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_localization_none::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_module is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_feed::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_feed::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$localization_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_localization_none::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_module is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_attachment::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_attachment::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$localization_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_localization_none::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_module is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_feed::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_feed::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_module is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_page::$default_display is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_module is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$localization_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_localization_none::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_module is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_module is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_module is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$vid is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$id is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_title is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$display_plugin is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_display::$position is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$export_module is deprecated in DrupalDatabaseCache->prepareItem() (line 449 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/cache.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 59 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_default::$localization_keys is deprecated in view->init_display() (line 501 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$is_plugin is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 59 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$localization_keys is deprecated in view->init_display() (line 501 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$default_display is deprecated in view->init_display() (line 509 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$is_plugin is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 59 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$localization_keys is deprecated in view->init_display() (line 501 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$default_display is deprecated in view->init_display() (line 509 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_access_perm::$is_plugin is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 59 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_localization_none::$is_plugin is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 59 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$localization_plugin is deprecated in view->init_localization() (line 2136 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$dom_id is deprecated in view->pre_execute() (line 1437 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$relationships_fixed is deprecated in view->fix_missing_relationships() (line 628 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_node::$is_handler is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 55 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_node::$localization_keys is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 224 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_node::$table is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 235 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_node::$field is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 247 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$is_handler is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 55 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$localization_keys is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 224 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$table is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 235 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$field is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 247 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$is_handler is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 55 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$localization_keys is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 224 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$table is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 235 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$field is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 247 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$is_handler is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 55 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$localization_keys is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 224 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$table is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 235 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$field is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 247 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$is_handler is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 55 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$localization_keys is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 224 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$table is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 235 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$field is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 247 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_sort::$is_handler is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 55 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_sort::$localization_keys is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 224 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_sort::$table is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 235 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_sort::$field is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 247 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_sort_date::$is_handler is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 55 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_sort_date::$localization_keys is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 224 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_sort_date::$table is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 235 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_sort_date::$field is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 247 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_filter_boolean_operator::$is_handler is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 55 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_filter_boolean_operator::$value_value is deprecated in views_handler_filter_boolean_operator->construct() (line 45 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter_boolean_operator.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_filter_boolean_operator::$value_options is deprecated in views_handler_filter_boolean_operator->construct() (line 55 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter_boolean_operator.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_filter_boolean_operator::$localization_keys is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 224 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_filter_boolean_operator::$table is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 235 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_filter_boolean_operator::$field is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 247 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_filter_node_type::$is_handler is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 55 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_filter_node_type::$value_title is deprecated in views_handler_filter_in_operator->construct() (line 36 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter_in_operator.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_filter_node_type::$localization_keys is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 224 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_filter_node_type::$table is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 235 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_filter_node_type::$field is deprecated in views_handler->init() (line 247 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property view::$inited is deprecated in view->init_handlers() (line 713 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $base_table declared before required parameter $options is implicitly treated as a required parameter in include_once() (line 3566 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/bootstrap.inc).
Deprecated function: Optional parameter $base_field declared before required parameter $options is implicitly treated as a required parameter in include_once() (line 3566 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/includes/bootstrap.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_query_default::$is_plugin is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 59 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_query_default::$base_table is deprecated in views_plugin_query->init() (line 32 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/plugins/views_plugin_query.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_query_default::$base_field is deprecated in views_plugin_query->init() (line 33 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/plugins/views_plugin_query.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_query_default::$count_field is deprecated in views_plugin_query_default->init() (line 158 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/plugins/views_plugin_query_default.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_node::$position is deprecated in view->_pre_query() (line 771 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$position is deprecated in view->_pre_query() (line 771 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$position is deprecated in view->_pre_query() (line 771 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$position is deprecated in view->_pre_query() (line 771 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$position is deprecated in view->_pre_query() (line 771 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
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Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
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Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
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Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$timeOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 198 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
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Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$timeOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 198 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$timeOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 198 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$timeOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 198 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$timeOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 198 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$timeOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 198 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$timeOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 198 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$timeOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 198 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$dateOnly is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 199 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property DateObject::$originalTime is deprecated in DateObject->__construct() (line 202 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/date/date_api/date_api.module).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_exposed_form_basic::$is_plugin is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 59 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_cache_none::$is_plugin is deprecated in _views_create_handler() (line 59 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/handlers.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_style_default::$rendered_fields is deprecated in views_plugin_style->render_fields() (line 545 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/plugins/views_plugin_style.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_node::$last_render is deprecated in views_handler_field->advanced_render() (line 1076 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_node::$last_render_text is deprecated in views_handler_field->render_text() (line 1221 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_style_default::$render_tokens is deprecated in views_handler_field->get_render_tokens() (line 1454 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_node::$last_tokens is deprecated in views_handler_field->get_render_tokens() (line 1455 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$last_render is deprecated in views_handler_field->advanced_render() (line 1089 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field.inc).
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Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$last_render is deprecated in views_handler_field->advanced_render() (line 1089 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field.inc).
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Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$last_render is deprecated in views_handler_field->advanced_render() (line 1089 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field.inc).
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Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$last_render is deprecated in views_handler_field->advanced_render() (line 1089 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field.inc).
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Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_handler_field_field::$last_tokens is deprecated in views_handler_field->get_render_tokens() (line 1455 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_field.inc).
Deprecated function: Creation of dynamic property views_plugin_display_block::$output is deprecated in view->render() (line 1305 of /home/csi/public_html/csi.unm.edu/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc).
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Changes in Weaning Age from Hunter-Gatherers to Agriculturalists: a Stable Isotope Study in Southern Belize

Author/s: Erin E. Ray, Paige Lynch, Emily Moes, Keith M. Prufer

Conference: Society for American Archaeology 85th Annual Meeting: Austin, TX

Date: April, 2020

Abstract:

In Mesoamerica, it is clear the advent of agriculture brought unprecedented population expansion. However, as with many questions about this transition, a lack of archaeological remains has made determining the details such as when population growth began and the demographic profile of the population growth difficult to determine. The rockshelter sites of Saki Tzul and Mayahak Cab Pek, located in Southern Belize, provide a unique opportunity to answer certain questions about changes in the demographic composition of a single population during the transition due to a continuous burial assemblage spanning approximately 9,000 years. We propose to use stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen from multiple molars from adults spanning the transition to examine changes in weaning age. By using molars from adults, we can avoid any compounding issues with early illness or complications from weaning too early. There is still debate among researchers about change, if any, to weaning practices between hunter-gatherer and agricultural groups. This study will allow us to examine a relatively continuous population with similar cultural practices to identify if the average weaning age changes and explore the nature of this change and identify if cultural or environmental factors result in changes in weaning practices.

Application of the triple oxygen isotope system to mantle materials

Author/s: Erick J. Cano and Zachary D. Sharp

Conference: International Eclogite Conference, Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia

Date: June, 2019

Abstract:

Oxygen isotope ratios (¹⁶O/¹⁸O) have been used in numerous studies of mantle lithologies to estimate 1) the protolith 2) the source of metasomatizing fluids, 3) temperature of formation, and 4) degree of equilibration between coexisting minerals. The δ¹⁸O value of mantle olivine comprises a very restricted range (Mattey et. al., 1994), so that even subtle deviations from this ‘canonical’ value indicate some form of contamination. Eclogites span a range of 2–8‰ and suggest an altered oceanic crust or sediment protolith (MacGregor and Manton, 1986). However, the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O information alone provide limited information. The addition of the novel ¹⁷O/¹⁶O ratios provide additional constraints on mantle minerals, expanding the isotope data from a one-dimensional line to a two-dimensional field.

Our preliminary results demonstrate the utility of triple oxygen isotope analyses of mantle materials. OPX and olivine mineral separates from spinel peridotites are generally well-behaved for ¹⁷O, with Δ' ¹⁷O values (see Sharp, 2013 for nomenclature) of -0.05 ± 0.01‰, the same as presumed mantle olivine. We see that CPX is out of δ¹⁸O equilibrium in all cases. The Δ¹⁸O values for olivine, garnet, OPX, CPX and phlogopite from a granular garnet peridotite (Kimberley, SA) suggest complete ¹⁸O/¹⁶O disequilibrium, but the Δ' ¹⁷O values of all samples are again typical of that of the average mantle. In contrast, a sheared peridotite from the same location has Δ18O values in equilibrium at ~950 °C, but Δ' ¹⁷O values that suggest mixing between a low Δ' ¹⁷O – low δ¹⁸O and a high Δ' ¹⁷O – high δ¹⁸O component. One mantle eclogite sample, a grospydite from Smyth and Hatton (1977), has a wide range of Δ' ¹⁷O values but δ¹⁸O values that appear in equilibrium. It has been suggested that the wide range in δ¹⁸O values could suggest an origin for the eclogites from subducted altered oceanic crust (MacGregor and Manton, 1986). We are measuring the triple oxygen isotope values of altered oceanic crust in order to identify potential sources for the ¹⁷O isotope disequilibrium seen. The Δ' ¹⁷O values of these samples can be used to support such an idea. In general, the Δ' ¹⁷O values of altered oceanic crust are higher than typical mantle. Low Δ' ¹⁷O values may be indicative of subducted sedimentary material.

Halogen Isotope Geochemistry of Lunar Materials

Author/s: Anthony M. Gargano, Zachary D. Sharp, and Charles K. Shearer

Conference: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX

Date: March, 2019

Abstract:

The Moon is depleted in volatile elements relative to the Earth due in part from vaporization and volatile loss throughout the Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO). Additionally, lunar materials exhibit large ranges in chlorine isotope compositions (δ³⁷Cl) that are not observed on Earth, thought to result from the preferential loss of light isotopes to space (³⁵Cl). It would be expected that high δ³⁷Cl values would be measured in materials with the lowest Cl concentration. Enigmatically, however, apatite geochemistry suggests that the Cl-poor lithologies (typically mare basalts) have the lowest range of δ³⁷Cl values, whereas the Cl-rich lithologies (typically KREEPy) have the highest range in δ³⁷Cl values. Although the Cl isotope compositions are achievable by degassing following Rayleigh fractionation and Graham’s law diffusion, such that the fractionation factor (α) is proportional to the ratios of the isotopologues of interest (i.e. Fe³⁵Cl₂/Fe³⁷Cl³⁵Cl) this does not account for why the most Cl-rich lithologies have the highest δ³⁷Cl values. The underlying assumption that is made, however, when discussing the δ³⁷Cl values of lunar materials relative to their Cl concentrations is that all materials had the same initial Cl content. A more appropriate comparison may be the loss of light volatile elements relative to heavy ones of similar geochemical affinity (i.e. Cl/Br and Cl/I). We intend to address why the most Cl-rich lunar lithologies tend to exhibit the largest ranges in δ³⁷Cl values by measuring the halogen contents and Cl isotope compositions of lunar materials.

The effects of sea ice loss on protein and fat stores of food-deprived polar bears

Author/s: Whiteman JP, Newsome SD, Ben-David M

Conference: International Conference on Bear Research and Management

Date: June, 2016

Abstract:

In some regions of the Arctic, sea ice decline and the resulting loss of foraging opportunities have been associated with recent reductions in polar bear abundance, survival, and reproduction. It is often assumed that during food deprivation lipid reserves (e.g., adipose fat) are the limiting factor to polar bear survival, and the role of protein reserves (e.g., skeletal muscle) is often under appreciated. Structural tissues require a constant input of amino acids for maintenance; to provide these amino acids, fasting bears catabolize endogenous protein, potentially at a greater rate than endogenous lipid. Recent studies with captive vertebrates demonstrated that when feeding, animals may use carbon derived from dietary lipids to synthesize proteins used to build structural tissue. We hypothesize that fasting polar bears use a similar process to transfer carbon from stored adipose fat to stored protein. To test this hypothesis, we are using amino acid carbon isotope (δ¹³C) analysis, and archived samples from a previous study of nutritional ecology in the Southern Beaufort Sea, to track carbon flux between protein-rich (red blood cells, serum, skeletal muscle) and lipid-rich (adipose) tissues in individual, free-ranging polar bears that exhibit a spectrum of body condition and feeding status. Our preliminary data suggest that a portion of the non-essential amino acids in red blood cells of fasting polar bears were newly synthesized with carbon that had been transferred from endogenous adipose tissue. If carbon movement between lipid and protein is substantial, it will change our understanding of polar bear fasting physiology and endurance, influencing forecasts of how this species will respond to continued ice loss.

Employing amino acid δ13C analysis to quantify environmental change in a Late Holocene nearshore ecosystem

Author/s: Elliott Smith EA, Braje BJ, Rick TC, Szpak P, Newsome SD

Conference: IsoEcol

Date: May, 2016

Abstract:

Kelp forests are among the most productive but vulnerable marine ecosystems on earth. These regions serve as biodiversity hotspots and CO₂ sinks, but are also highly sensitive to human impacts such as overexploitation and shifting ocean chemistry. Understanding their dynamics is crucial for effective conservation and management. Here, we employ δ¹³C analysis of individual amino acids from two top marine consumers, sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) to evaluate the importance of kelp forests in the late Holocene (~3500 ybp – present). Since only primary producers and microbes synthesize essential amino acids (AA_ESS), consumers typically directly route them into tissues and thus AA_ESS are minimally altered as they move up food chains. Moreover, different producers (e.g., phytoplankton and macroalgae) in nearshore marine ecosystems have highly distinct δ¹³C values and so the δ¹³C values of AA_ESS in top consumers can provide a ‘fingerprint’ of the dominant producers in the local foodweb. We analyzed bone collagen from late Holocene sea otters and sheephead from two islands (San Nicolas and San Miguel) off the coast of southern California. We also characterized the baseline amino acid δ¹³C profiles for modern producer groups: kelp (Laminaria and Nereocystis), green algae (Ulva) and red algae (Neorhodomela). We used mixing models to quantify the contribution of each algal group to ancient sea otter and sheephead AA_ESS δ¹³C values. As expected, kelps had significantly higher δ¹³C values than red and green algae for all amino acids measured. We found remarkable consistency between ancient sea otters and sheephead, both between individuals and among sites. Both top consumers were predominantly feeding in ecosystems driven by kelp production; in some instances, an estimated 99% of consumer essential amino acids were derived from kelp. These findings suggest that at these sites kelp forests may have been more extensive in the late Holocene than they are today. Our study demonstrates the utility of amino acid δ¹³C analysis in investigating historical ecological problems that hold relevance for modern conservation biology.

Water in Martian meteorites: oxygen isotope compositions

Author/s: Maltsev OV, Ziegler K, Sharp ZD, Agee CB

Conference: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference

Date: March, 2016

Abstract:

The presence of water in martian meteorites provides a unique glimpse into the evolution of water on Mars. Previous studies have shown that the oxygen extracted from water in martian meteorites is generally not in isotopic equilibrium with the bulk silicate rock. By analyzing the isotopic composition of oxygen in the water extracted from a variety of martian meteorites we hope to identify distinct oxygen isotope reservoirs on Mars (mantle, crust and hydrosphere), and attempt to link them to certain geological processes experienced by the different types of martian meteorites. The pioneering work by Karlsson et al. (1992) has thus far been the only systematic study of oxygen isotopic compositions of water extracted from martian meteorites and their data cannot be easily interpreted. A broader and more detailed sampling is the goal of this study. So far we have measured the oxygen isotope composition of water extracted from martian shergottites Tissint and Zagami and are presently working on analyzing other shergottites as well as a variety of nakhlites, chassignites and the basaltic breccia NWA 7034. Water was extracted from samples using stepwise heating and converted to O₂ by fluorination. The O₂ gas was then purified in a GC column and measured for the triple oxygen isotope value. Δ¹⁷O' values of water extracted from Tissint and Zagami are distinctly elevated relative to that of Earth but are lower than the corresponding bulk rock Δ¹⁷O' values (0.33‰). This supports the previous observations [2,3] of isotopic disequilibrium (or terrestrial contamination) between the two sites of oxygen (water and bulk rock). Both samples also show a similar trend in the Δ¹⁷O' values of the waters released at different temperature steps. The lowest Δ¹⁷O' values (<0.1‰) are measured in waters extracted below 150°C. This is likely due to terrestrial contamination of the absorbed water portion. The highest Δ¹⁷O' values were measured for water extracted between 200 and 400°C (0.21‰ for Tissint and 0.1‰ for Zagami). At temperatures above 400°C the Δ¹⁷O' values of the extracted water begin to get more negative (0.17‰ for Tissint and 0.09 for Zagami). Since both Tissint and Zagami were observed falls, we would not expect extensive terrestrial contamination, although trace amounts of hydration could affect the 'water' data, but not the bulk rock data. The existence of heterogeneity in the Δ¹⁷O' values of water extracted at different temperature intervals from Tissint and Zagami supports the possible existence of isotopically distinct reservoirs on Mars. To better understand the origin of the waters in these meteorites, we are currently working on understanding the mineralogical constraints on storage and release of water. The Δ¹⁷O' trend observed in water extracted from Tissint and Zagami will be further evaluated as we continue to expand the body of data on the oxygen isotopic composition of water in martian meteorites.

Foraging strategies of Perognathus flavus (silky pocket mouse) in a nutrient limited desert ecosystem

Author/s: Noble JD, Wolf BO, Newsome SD

Conference: American Society of Mammalogy

Date: June, 2015

Abstract:

In a nutrient limited desert ecosystem, Perognathus flavus (PGFV) utilize a variety of foraging strategies to partition these limited resources and maximize fitness. This research (1) quantified resource use within individual PGFV as either generalists or specialists and (2) calculated the density and distribution of these mice across our study area. Mice were trapped monthly from March to October, 2014, pit-tagged, sexed, aged, bled, and reproductive status determined. We used a Bayesian mixing model to estimate the proportion of assimilated carbon that was derived from C₃ versus C₄ primary production in plasma, offset by a trophic discrimination factor. Differences in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values among rodents and plant functional groups (C₃ versus C₄) were assessed using Tukey post hoc tests to adjust for multiple comparisons. We used Bayesian spatial metrics to quantify isotope variation temporally across the species as measured by standard ellipse areas in δ¹³C versus δ¹⁵N bivariate space. Variation in isotopic space can be linked to individual variation in diet (specialist versus generalist). δ¹⁵N values indicate the trophic breadth of the community while δ¹³C values represent foraging preferences. By analyzing 1,570 plasma samples with >60 individuals that were trapped and processed 4 or more times over the 8 month period, we were able to adequately quantify foraging strategies. Using the MARC mark-recapture program we calculated density and distribution across our study area.

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Center for Stable Isotopes

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Changes in Weaning Age from Hunter-Gatherers to Agriculturalists: a Stable Isotope Study in Southern Belize

Application of the triple oxygen isotope system to mantle materials

Halogen Isotope Geochemistry of Lunar Materials

The effects of sea ice loss on protein and fat stores of food-deprived polar bears

Employing amino acid δ13C analysis to quantify environmental change in a Late Holocene nearshore ecosystem

Water in Martian meteorites: oxygen isotope compositions

Foraging strategies of Perognathus flavus (silky pocket mouse) in a nutrient limited desert ecosystem

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